UC Students Approach To Affording College Tuition

The UC system has 9 undergraduate schools and often rank in the top 20 colleges that receives the most applications. Vast majority of these applications are from in-state applicants looking for a chance to get a higher education and a lower cost. However, the in-state tuition is still too costly for many students to handle. We understand the pressure that many students face and were here to offer some advice from current students at UC Berkeley, UCLA, UCSC, UCR and UCSB: Iron_Man(UC Berkeley ‘19): I applied to MANY scholarships. Apply to as many as you possibly can without becoming overwhelmed; college costs A LOT without scholarships. Make sure to check out your colleges financial aid benefits and how to apply, as many colleges, like UC Berkeley, UCLA, and Northwestern, give undergraduate scholarships that are worth a lot. Scholarships can make the difference between surviving through college and thriving in college.alinette:I did not begin applying for scholarships until my senior year in high school, and this was a very grave mistake. In financing my education, I relied mostly on the grants and merit scholarships offered directly by the university and student loans. You should begin to seek out and apply for scholarships as soon as possible, and as many as you qualify forif even barely. Take a couple hours at least once a week to browse through 10-30 scholarships and apply for them. Spread out the essay-intensive scholarships with easier, le ss time-consuming ones that require only a short answer or completed survey. Sites such as fastweb.com and scholarships.com are great resources, however the best chance you will have of acquiring a scholarship is through local resources such as your school, local small businesses, or your parents companies. Make sure to frequently check in with your counselor or school resources center, as local organizations will be constantly adding new scholarship applications. Locally, the applicant pool is much, much smaller and your chances are therefore exponentially higher of being chosen. Jacky1010(UC Riverside ‘19): I applied for the Cal Grant, scholarships, and also took out loans. If you have the opportunity to get free money for college you should definitely take it. If you still have financial need, like in my case, loans are a great option. 499363823546513FB(UC Santa Barbara ’19): My biggest advice for loans and scholarships is to start early. Try to get some during the summer and during your school year keep in constant contact with your college counselor because they can open up a lot of opportunities for you. CogsOfSteel:Ill state outright that I have the benefit of daddys money. My father saved and scraped 20 years to pay for my education, and so while paying for Berkeley will be a financial squeeze it is one that he can survive with no loans. With my mind occupied on getting to prestigious privates themselves (and the usually generous financial aid packages they give), I didnt work very hard on getting scholarships. That, I am quick to admit, was a massive mistake. I have no financial gift aid at Berkeley, and I cannot in good conscience put all of that burden on my father for the next 4 years. Thus I amand would recommendapplying to a variety of outside and private scholarship. kevvasquez(UC Santa Cruz ‘19): I cannot stress this enough, apply to as many scholarships as you can!!! I got a decent amount of financial aid for my first year of college but it is not enough to pay it all. I need to receive loans in order to be able to pay for my college, and trust me that was the last thing I wanted to do. It is terrifying thinking how you are going to pay for school, especially when you are new in this situation. Go to your schools career center and ask for scholarship information, go see your counselor so they can further your search in financial aid; go to websites like fastweb.com, scholarship.com, niche.com (etc.). I regret not applying to as many scholarships as I could have applied to, but you new seniors have plenty of time to still apply and get some money to help pay for tuition also offers a $5000 scholarship, so dont miss out out on yourchance! Whether you’re just starting your search or you’re looking for help applying, it’s never too early to make the college application process easier.Searchto find students like you orcontact a mentorfor help with the admissions process so you can narrow down your choices and get a head start.

European Government in the 19th century1 essays

European Government in the 19th century1 essays During the twentieth century, Europe went through many changes in politics and trends. On June 28, 1914, Serbian revolutionaries assassinated Archduke Francis Ferdinand, the heir to the Austrian and Hungarian thrones, and his wife, Sophie. With Germany behind Austria-Hungary, Austria attacked Serbia on July 28th. The following day, Russia ordered full mobilization and in effect declared full all out war. Germanys plan was to knock out France by going through neutral Belgium and then taking out Russia. On August 2, 1914, Germanys plan to pass through neutral Belgium failed when Belgium refused to let German forces through. Germany intern attacked Belgium. On August 3rd,Great Britain joined forces with France, which started the First World War. A major social impact in Europe occurred during World War I. With almost all able-bodied men fighting in the trenches, this caused a great demand for workers. Jobs were available for everyone. This also brought about change for labor unions. The roll of women changed for the better during this time. Women basically took over the labor forces in Russia. In Great Britain, women were driving streetcars and buses. Women became more prominent in society. Showing up as mail carriers, bank tellers, and even police officers. In 1917, Russia went through two revolutions that cause Russia to with draw from the war. In March of 1917, the Duma declared a provisional government. A month later, Lenin returns from exile to denounce the provisional government. All social classes were in favor of this drastic move. It would create better wages for workers and more food. In 1920, Lenins Red army retook Belorussia and the Ukraine. In the spring of 1918, Germany launched its last attack on France. With the United States backing Britain and France, the triple entente finally crushed German forces. In January of 1919, in Versailles, The Treaty of Versailles was signed...

Impact on shareholder wealth due to steel mergers Essay

Impact on shareholder wealth due to steel mergers - Essay Example The present chapter focuses on the issues of mergers and acquisitions carried out certain companies in order to gain access and expand their horizon in the market and thus increasing their productivity as well as income. Shareholder value is greatly influenced by all types of mergers and acquisitions. Peter A. Hunt (2004:6) states that only well conceived and well executed transactions reward the shareholders resulting in an increased stock price. He further states that companies continue to merge with equal or lesser powerful companies and intend to acquire smaller companies in order to increase their shareholder value keeping in view their long term management process. It is also stated that mergers, acquisition and restructurings are pivotal in building value for shareholders and company's operating performance, its capital structure and its public perception are three elements that form the foundation of shareholder value. (Peter A. Hunt, 2004: 4) There are many instances when the companies in order to expand their business operations have targeted the companies that are running in losses. The process of merger or acquisition creates a huge hara-kiri among the international business community and shareholders which has huge impact on the shareholder value. The primary motive o... A merger is a transaction between larger or equal partners while acquisition is a transaction wherein the larger company takes hold of the smaller company. Successful acquisitions and mergers are intended to increase the profitability of parent firm and stock price. Leeth and Borg in their studies 'The Impact of Mergers on Acquiring Firm Shareholder Wealth' have found that the shareholders of the target company are most benefited. (http://eh.net) To examine this statement the present chapter attempts to present an analyses of the data collected from various sources and present statistical details on the merger and acquisitions during few decades that will help to understand the impact of merger and acquisitions on the shareholder value. The data analysis will also help to understand the impact of merger and acquisitions on the shareholder value and also the rate of increase or decrease in the shareholder value of the target firm as well as parent company that has arise due to the process. Data Analysis Merger and acquisitions have increased during this time of economic downturn where most of the company's mainly financial institutions are filing for bankruptcy. There are instances when companies in order to avoid bankruptcy have welcomed the decision of being merged with some other companies working in the same stream or let the other company acquire it. Recently, the one of the world's biggest car manufacturer General Motors had filed for bankruptcy. The recession has led to downturn of many big industries all over the world, mainly United States. The diagram 1 below shows the details of mergers and acquisitions done in large in some of the countries. Diagram 1 According to the diagram 1, the companies of United States and Canada are with most

We must ban animal testing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

We must ban animal testing - Essay Example In the testing of cosmetics, various cleaners and various other consumer products, numerous animals are putrefied, made blind and killed each year by companies. These animals are supposed to breathe in poisonous gases, dogs are required to eat insecticides while rabbits have scarring compounds smeared on their bodies and eyes. Most of the tests that are conducted on animals are not a requirement of the law and in most cases; their outcomes are inexact and misrepresentative. Regardless of whether a product harms an animal or not, it still ends up in the shelves for customers to buy (PETA). The fatal and unpleasant experiments that take place as part of huge supervisory analysis initiatives are in most instances financed by taxpayers’ money. Thesis: Millions of animals experience suffering and are ultimately killed in various kinds of experiments even though modern alternatives have demonstrated that they can produce more accurate results compared to the animal tests Animals testing, which is also known as in vivo testing involves the use of animals that are not human in testing some where some of the experiments entail the observation of the behavior of the animals. These tests are conducted in universities, medical institutions, drug companies and commercial facilities that provide the services to other industries. Some of the research entails pure research like genetics, developmental biology, testing of drugs as well as cosmetics among other things. The animals may also be used in teaching various disciplines, breeding purposes as well as defense tests, but the activity of using animals in testing has varying degrees of regulation in different nations. Globally, it is approximated that the number of animals ranging from fish to primates used every year may reach tens of millions and sometime more than a hundred million. These numbers do not include the invertebrates like mice and frogs

Service process of McDonalds Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Service process of McDonalds - Essay Example non-stop customers’ flow and subsequent success in the business. It is important to note that McDonald’s Company serves both as a service and product company. McDonald’s deals in fast food sphere of services and their interest and priority to serve customers at the highest level possible has enabled them to dominate the world market with overwhelming customer base for a long time. Their compactors cannot march them in terms of brand loyalty given the input they have always put in servicing the customers. The company also appears in the fortune 500 list as one of the most prominent and effective companies in the world in terms of fast food provision (Fitzsimmons, 2005: 34). It is indicated that McDonald’s has the most efficient way in dealing with the customer and they take the minimal time to attend to the customer. The waiting time in the restaurant is much reduced and no customer can take longer than necessary McDonald’s has greatly invested in th e customer service in the most appropriate way possible and this they believe will give them a competitive advantage. They also have employed the use of technological advancement in satisfying their customers. In this sense, automated machines for beverages are used to enable quick services to the customer. This will avoid customers staying in queues for a long time being conscious that customers have little time to spend in the restaurant. The efficiency of the customer service in the company is one of their major strengths in cutting and edge over their competitors (Clark and Baker, 2004: 77). The management of the services in a way that it attracts and retains customers in one of the most important focuses in business particularly those that are food-based. Main Body Service to the customer is one way of retaining and attracting customers in a business, this is particularly more pronounced in a business situated in a competitive landscape like what is McDonald’s is experie ncing. In response, the business must design unique services to the customer that will make them occupy a niche that no other among its competitors has. McDonald’s has realized the essence satisfactory customer service and has reciprocated by offering a myriad of services to the customer and this can be construed to accounts for their huge customer base in the 118 countries in the world. In McDonald’s, it is recognized that every customer is unique in a way and must be treated exactly the same as the other without assumption, in this relation, the following services from different quarters are offered at McDonald’s. Products Quality Besides provision of high quality products, the company has also insisted on having the customers get their value for money. They have noted the need for high standards in the delicate business of fast food and have ensured that it is always observed such that it becomes very palpable for any customer to do a comparative analysis whe n they shop elsewhere. In pursuit of this, McDonald’

Causes and effects of international labour mobility

Causes and effects of international labour mobility Introduction Globalisation is the process of intensified international competition and trade. It enables the movement of goods, production factors, labour and technology across borders. If countries use their resources efficiently then globalisation can also enhance growth and social welfare. This depends on how much competition there is and a country has to have a certain stability and mobility of labour and resources for production. The common trade theory suggests that globalisation will equalise the prices of products and costs of production and free trade will lead to a more efficient allocation of resources. It is also beneficial for the customer since free trade suggests high competition and therefore companies will be able to offer low prices to their customers. This seems to be the case in the long run but problems that arise in the short run include high unemployment and income inequalities. Globalisation is an ongoing process that has been around for quite some time now. EU firms can o ffshore many tasks which were never possible before. This also means that international competition is completely changing and going through a transformation. Competition took place mainly between firms or different industries in different countries, however now since a lot of firms go abroad for their production, because it is cheaper, competition takes place between individual workers that use similar skills for their tasks in different countries, so they no longer compete within a nation. This of course can be beneficial for some workers but can also harm other workers. Europe is exactly facing this problem at the moment and this paper will focus on the impact globalisation has on the low skilled workers and income inequalities in Europe. European Globalisation trends Globalisation is taking place in nearly every country on the planet, but it has different effects on different nations. Trade expansion in Europe seems to be proceeding at a rapid paste, especially trade with low wage countries. Due to immense improvements in technology, transportation and communication, it is now a lot easier to handle the production process and this might have caused some firms to move parts of their production process to other nations. Offshoring and outsourcing are the common terms used when companies move their production process abroad. There are many reasons for why companies move to other nations for production. But the main reasons could be because it is cheaper to produce in less developed countries, firms only have to pay low wages and get a better output than in the home country. Especially labour intensive goods are shipped to less developed countries because there are more people that would do the job for less money. Therefore globalisation seems to hav e a negative effect on employment, especially low skilled labour. Since a lot of firms moved their production abroad and the ones that didnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t only employ high skilled labour, it makes it even harder for the low skilled labour to find employment. New technologies also lead to higher unemployment rates among low skilled workers, because the low skilled workers that used to have a job are no either replaced by new technological advancements or by high skilled labour. Overall one could say that globalisation lead to a high demand for skilled labour and on the other side a rise in unemployment among low skilled workers. EU trade In Europe most of the countries are part of the EU, which has special trade agreements. Trade among industrialised countries differs significantly from trade with the developing world. This is mainly due to the fact that industrialised countries are relatively similar, in the sense that they use similar production technologies and have similar factor endowments, so one could say that they produce pretty similar goods. Trade between them therefore mainly exists among industries. So countries would import and export products from the same industry sector. For example Germany exports their yogurts brands and France French yogurts to Germany. These goods are similar because they are both yogurts but they have different tastes and characteristics, that is why these countries trade. It is the same with cars, Germany sells German cars to France and France sells French cars to Germany. Trade among industrialised and developing countries is different. Countries export goods belonging to one s ector and import goods belonging to another sector. Germany would for instance export Volkswagens to China and import rice or computers in exchange. Theoretical approach Comparative advantage Ricardian model Globalisation leads to increased trade amongst countries. Countries usually produce goods where it is the cheapest to produce them. Krugman discussed this in Chapter 3, if free trade exists with countries that pay low wages then this will harm the country that pays high wages. In the end the consumer profits from this because if firms have low production costs then they are able to offer the products at a lower price. And the producer benefits from a higher income if he uses his resources more efficiently. Krugman gave an example of this where W represents the wage rate in the home country W* represents the wage rate in the foreign country And the home countries unit labour requirement for good i is aLi, and the unit labour required for good i of the foreign country is a*Li. Now if WaLi < W*a*Li then the home country will produce the good I because it is cheaper, as wages are less at home. Or if the relative productivity of a country is higher than the wages, then the good will be produced in that country. This can be calculated as a*Li / aLi > W / W*. So overall if a country produces the good that uses the resources most efficiently then trade will be beneficial for that country. EU Unemployment To explain why Europe is facing this high unemployment ratio one has to look at the relative wages. This can easily be determined by looking at the relative demand and supply of labour services. If W / W* rises then the relative demand for home labour services will fall. If the home country would produce goods with expensive labour services then this can have a huge impact on society. Because it means that production costs are high as the producer has to pay high wages and therefore he canà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t offer the final goods at an attractive price. If nobody buys the products because they are too expensive then the demand for labour services will go down too. This can also lead to fewer goods being produced at home because costs are too high, which will lead to a further reduction in demand for labour services in the home country. The Ricardian model only focuses on the productivity of labour across countries. According to this model a country gains from Trade if a country has a comparative advantage in producing a specific good. If the country produces the good it has a comparative advantage in, then it is able to use all its resources more efficiently and will gain more from producing this good. So here this model shows that overall if a country trades according to rules mentioned above, then the relative price of the good will increase, wages will increase and the producer is able to offer the good at a lower price so therefore even the consumer profits from it. Heckscher Ohlin Samuelson Model The Ricardian Model suggests differences in productivity of labour between nations cause productive differences. The Heckscher Ohlin model suggests that there are other factors of production between different countries, not just differences in productivity of labour, that cause differences in production. Usually the price of a good should be the same as its production costs, and the production costs also depend on how much wages they have to pay and the lending/renting rate of land. Changes in lending rates can affect the final price of a product, depending on how intensively you use land in production. For example if there are two products cloth and food, cloth is labour intensive and food is land intensive. If lending rates for land increase then this should have a bigger affect on the price of food than the price of cloth, because the production of food requires more land than the production of clothes. Heckscher Ohlin model also suggests that an economy will be efficient at producing goods that are intensive in the factors of production in which the country has a lot of. Just suppose the domestic country has an abundant amount of labour relative to land. This suggests that domestic country is abundant in labour and the foreign country is abundant in land. Likewise, the domestic country is scarce in land and the foreign country is scarce in labour. Because the domestic country is abundant in labour it would be very good at producing cloth, as cloth production is very labour intensive. The foreign country on the other hand should produce food as it is abundant in land and the production of food is very land intensive.(64-68) With trade the relative price of cloth should rise in the labour abundant country which is the domestic country, and should fall in the labour scarce country which is the foreign country. According to the Heckscher Ohlin Model, in the domestic country the rise in the relative price of cloth leads to a rise in the relative production of cloth and a decrease in the relative consumption of cloth. The same will happen to food in foreign economy. So what will happen is that the domestic country will become an exporter of cloth and an importer of food. And the foreign country will import cloth and export food. So one could say that a company would be very good at producing the goods that are intensive in its abundant factors, this just means a country produces the goods it has a comparative advantage in. And likewise a country should export goods that are intensive in its abundant factors of production and should import goods that are in its scarce factors of production. (58-63). To explain the wage inequalities among European low skilled workers one has to understand The Heckscher-Ohlin-Samuelson factor endowment model. This model predicts that trade among different countries derives from differing factor endowments across nations. This model looks at different countries that are trading with each other and these countries are also on the same technological level, which just means that they use the same technologies in their production process for both products. The production process for both goods in this case, requires two different inputs, this could be high skilled labour for one country and low skilled labour for the other country. For example, the production of one of the goods, for instance computers, requires more high skilled labour, while the production of the other good, for instance cloth, needs more low skilled labour. It is assumed that one of the two countries is relatively well equipped with either low skilled labour or high skilled labour, for instance Europe is equipped with relative large amounts of high skilled labour and the foreign country is relatively well equipped with low skilled labour. Usually when two countries trade industrialised countries have more high skilled labour and the developing countries have more low skilled labour. The Heckscher Ohlin theory in this case suggests that industrialised countries like Europe would export computers and the developing foreign country Europe is trading with should export cloth. The outcome would be that the relative price of cloth would fall in the industrialised country, but would do exactly the opposite in the developing country, the relative price would increase. This would lead to changes in wage distribution; low skilled labour in the industrialised country such as Europe would decline relative to the wages of high skilled labour. This can be explained because globalisation increased trade among countries and enabled countries access to products that were produced abroad, furthermore this implies that through trade the relative supply of low skilled labour has increased. According to this theory, inter -industry trade would as a result have the effect of increased wage inequality in industrialised countries like Europe, while inequality should decrease in developing countries. (58-61) Overall it seems as if owners of abundant factors gain with trade and owners of scarce factors lose. This model assumes that after international trade factor prices will be equal in both countries. This just means that once the domestic country which has a higher ratio of labour to land than the foreign country trade with each other, the wage rate and the lending/renting rate of land are the same in both countries. But that is not the case with every country that trades because labour moves around and usually both countries are not exactly the same in terms of infrastructure, technology and communication as the Heckscher Ohlin model suggests (68-69). Because ever changing differences in relative product prices has a large effect on the relative earnings of resources, and with trade the relative price also changes, so trade has a negative impact on income distribution. Causes and effects of international Labour mobility (chapter 7) p154 Heckscher Ohlin model focuses on trade as an explanation of bringing together factor prices, and capital / labour movements have similar effects. Capital tends to move from high wage countries to low wage countries. However labour migrates from low wage to high wage countries. Workers usually move to foreign countries in order to get paid more. Krugman suggested that labour will migrate to countries with higher labour productivity and higher real wages. And he further states that due to immigration wages will fall and due to emigration real wages should increase. If wages do not fall despite immigration, employers have no incentive to create additional jobs, and the immigration and this causes unemployment. Due to the fact that countries do not produce the same goods, due to differences in technology and due to immigration barriers, real wages across countries will never be equal (156-157). Companies in Europe which is considered an industrialised country will outsource those activities that use a large amount of unskilled labour. Moving these activities abroad would then lead to a decrease in the relative demand for low skilled labour in Europe within each industry. This means that outsourcing has a similar effect on reducing the demand for low skilled labour relative to high skilled labour within an industry, as does skill-biased technological change. Technological advancements and wages Skill-biased technological change reduced the demand for unskilled workers leading to higher long-term unemployment among low skilled workers in Europe. So low skilled workers would have to receive training in order to retain a job. At the same time, international outsourcing also leads to a shift in relative demand for labour. Firms outsource the low skill intensive parts of production and therefore increase the relative demand for skilled labour. Technological advancements also enabled companies across the world to better communicate with each other. Fast communication is a key factor when you are trading. Better infrastructure and more ways of transportation also enabled and increased trade among different countries. Benefits from globalisation According to the traditional trade theory globalization will equalize the price of products and production factors. Free trade will lead to a more efficient allocation of world resources as competition will shift production to the producers with the lower production cost. This more efficient allocation of resources will boost growth with positive effects on social welfare. Innovation and increased international competition can lead higher productivity, higher wages and improved living standards. Consumersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ welfare will improve due to a decrease in prices. However, the fall in prices relies on the level of competition in the product markets. Conclusion If economies have different capital/labour ratios, free factor mobility will encourage capital (labour) to move from the economies with a high (low) capital/labour ratio to those in which capital (labour) is relatively scarce. This process will affect the distribution of income since it will increase the relative income of capital (labour) in the countries initially with a high (low) capital/labour ratio. As globalization accelerates further, both costs and benefits will tend to raise while costs such as higher unemployment and income inequality will be concentrated in the short run while benefits in the form of lower prices, higher productivity and income will only occur later on.

Who the Fools Are in Gimpel the Fool Essay -- Isaac Bashevis Singer Pa

Who the Fools Are in Gimpel the Fool When reading through "Gimpel the Fool", the reader asks who the fools really are? Throughout this paper I will use the psychological approach. I will use this to show that Gimpel's character grows more into a successful person rather than a fool as everyone knows him to be. "Gimpel The Fool" is a story written by Isaac Bashevis Singer. This story is about a simple man named Gimpel. He is measured by many to be a fool because he is naive and easily taking advantage of; constantly falling for tricks layed out by the townspeople. Gimpel is also easily persuaded by the townspeople; they end up persuading him into marrying Elka, who is known as a whore. The author's point of view is what he is trying to get across to the readers. In this story, Singer is showing that good triumphs over evil. The author shows Gimpel's good side, by showing how caring and kind he is to people no matter what way he is treated by them. Gimpel just believes if he goes with the flow of things it would be a lot easier than dealing with the townspeople. "However, I resolved that I would always believe what I was told. What's the good of not believing? Today it's your wife you don't believe; tomorrow it's God Himself you won't take stock in" (305). Gimpel says this after his wife gave birth to their second child, during that time he had not seen her for nine months. The author shows us what is inside of Gimpel by having him be the narrator. He gives us an in-depth look inside the character's personality. Gimpel states, "I was no weakling. If I slapped someone he'd see all the way to Cracow" (301). The author is showing here that Gimpel does not have to give into the townspeople, he just chooses to. Throughout thi... ...ter about themselves the way they treated him. The townspeople never really showed any morals (superego) to Gimpel or any respect. All they showed was lack of respect and ridicule. As I read "Gimpel the fool" I thought to myself is Gimpel really the fool or is everyone else? To me I personally think he was not, he is smart by not arguing with people because arguing only causes turmoil, he was just making things easier on himself. Reading through this story I noticed a lot of things. I think in actuality the townspeople are the fools for the way they treated Gimpel. He is a good caring man that could be an excellent husband, as well an excellent friend. I think even though the people see him as being rich the truly rich thing in him is his forgiveness for others. Works Cited Singer, Isaac Bashevis. "Gimpel the Fool." Introduction to Literature. 2nd ed. Ed.

Louis Althusser

In his essay, Ideology and Ideological State Apparatuses, Louis Althusser demonstrates that in order to exist, a social formation is required to essentially, continuously and perpetually reproduce the productive forces (labour-power), the conditions of production and the relations of production. The reproduction of productive forces is ensured by the wage system which pays a minimum amount to the workers so that they appear to work day after day, thereby limiting their vertical mobility.The reproduction of the conditions of production and the reproduction of the relations of production happens through the State Apparatuses which are insidious machinations controlled by the capitalist ruling ideology in the context of a class struggle to repress, exploit, extort and subjugate the ruled class. The Marxist spatial metaphor of the edifice, describes a social formation, constituted by the foundational infrastructure i. e. , the economic base on which stands the superstructure comprising o f two floors: the Law-the State (politico-legal) and Ideology.Althusser extends this topographical paradigm by stating that the Infrastructural economic base is endowed with an â€Å"index of effectivity† which enables it to ultimately determine the functioning of the superstructure. He scrutinizes this structural metaphor by discussing the superstructure in detail. A close study of the superstructure is necessitated due to its relative autonomy over the base and its reciprocal action on the base. Althusser regards the State as a repressive apparatus which is used by the ruling class as a tool to suppress and dominate the working class.According to Althusser, the basic function of the Repressive State Apparatus (Heads of State, government, police, courts, army etc. ) is to intervene and act in favour of the ruling class by repressing the ruled class by violent and coercive means. The Repressive state apparatus (RSA) is controlled by the ruling class, because more often than n ot, the ruling class possesses State power. Althusser takes the Marxist theory of the State forward by distinguishing the repressive State Apparatus from the Ideological State Apparatuses (ISA).The ISAs consist of an array of institutions and multiple realities that propagate a wide range of ideologies such as Religious ISA, Educational ISA, Family ISA, Legal ISA, Political ISA, Communications ISA, Cultural ISA etc. He accentuates the differences between the RSA and the ISAs as follows: 1. The RSA functions as a unified entity (an organized whole) as opposed to the ISA which is diverse and plural. However, what unites the disparate ISAs is the fact that they are ultimately controlled by the ruling ideology. 2.The RSA function predominantly by means of repression and violence and secondarily by ideology whereas the ISA functions predominantly by ideology and secondarily by repression and violence. The ISA functions in a concealed and a symbolic manner. He declares that the School has supplanted the Church as being the crucial ISA which augments the reproduction of the relations of production (i. e. , the capitalist relations of exploitation) by training the students to become productive forces (labour-power) working for and under the Capitalist agents of exploitation.The Educational ISAs, which assume a dominant role in a Capitalist economy, conceal and mask the ruling class ideology behind its liberating qualities so that their hidden agendas become inconspicuous to the parents of the students. Althusser compares â€Å"ideology† to Freud’s â€Å"unconscious†. In the same sense that Freud had stated that the unconscious was eternal, he hypothesizes that ideology too is eternal due to its omnipresence. Therefore, ideology in general has no history.Althusser posits that it is not possible for a class to hold State power unless and until it exercises its hegemony (domination) over and in the ISA at the same time. The importance of ISAs is unde rstood in the wake of class struggles because ISAs are not only a crucial stake in class struggle but they are also the site of class struggle. The resistances of the exploited classes are able to find means and opportunities to express themselves in the ISAs to overpower the dominant class.An oppressed class can end its oppression by over powering the dominant/ruling class by utilizing the contradictions within the ISAs or by conquering combating positions in the ISAs during struggle. The crux of Althusser’s argument is the structure and functioning of â€Å"ideology†. Althusser explains the structure and functioning of ideology by presenting two theses. Firstly, he posits that ideology represents the imaginary relationship of individuals to their real conditions of existence.This distortion of reality is caused by material alienation and by the active imagination of oppressive individuals who base their domination and exploitation on the falsified representations of the world in order to enslave the relatively passive minds of the oppressed. Secondly, he posits that ideology always has a material existence in the form of concrete entities or apparatuses (ISAs). Hence, an individual’s belief in various ideologies (imaginary realities) is derived from the ideas of the individual who is a subject endowed with a consciousness that is defined by the ISAs.This (false) consciousness inspires and instigates the subject to behave in certain ways, adopt certain attitudes and participate in certain regular practices which conform to the ideology within which he recognizes himself as a subject. The ideas of the subject are inscribed in the ritual practices based on the â€Å"correct† principles of that ideology. Hence, despite the imaginary distortion by ideology, a subject derives his beliefs from the ideas which become his material actions and practices governed by material rituals which are all defined by material ideological apparatus and derived from the same.Althusser’s central thesis states that ideology transforms individuals as subjects by a process of interpellation or hailing. The Family ISA is at work even before a child is born because it predetermines the identity of the child before its birth. Hence, an individual is always-already a subject. An individual is subjected to various levels of ideological subjection and each level of subjection or each ISA that subjects the individual influences the individual’s day to day activities and thereby determines his real conditions of existence.Further, Althusser demonstrates that the recognition of oneself as a ‘free’ subject within an ideology is only a misrecognition because the notion of a ‘free’ subject in ideology is only an illusion. In reality, the subject is subjugated, limited, restricted and controlled by ideology to such an extent that he has limited freedom and diminutive individual agency. Due to this misrecogni tion the subject acts and practices rituals steeped in the dominant ideology that are detrimental to his/her own welfare.

Flag Desecration Essays - Supreme Court Of The United States, Law

Flag Desecration Essays - Supreme Court Of The United States, Law Flag Desecration The issue of flag desecration has been and continues to be a highly controversial issue; on the one side there are those who believe that the flag is a unique symbol for our nation which should be preserved at all costs, while on the other are those who believe that flag burning is a form of free speech and that any legislation designed to prevent this form of expression is contrary to the ideals of the First Amendment to our Constitution. Shawn Eichman, as well as the majority of the United States Supreme Court, is in the latter of these groups. Many citizens believe that the freedom of speech granted to them in the First Amendment means that they can express themselves in any manner they wish as long as their right of expression does not infringe on the rights of others; others, however, believe that there are exceptions to this right of speech. Such constitutional issues need to be worked out by the Supreme Court, which uses its powers of constitutional interpretation and judicial review to outline the underpinnings of the Constitution and interpret the law. The case which acted as an impetus for Eichmans actions was that of Texas v. Johnson. In 1984, in Dallas, Gregory Johnson, a member of the Revolutionary Communist Youth Brigade, a Maoists society, publicly burned a stolen American flag to protests the re-nomination of Ronald Reagan as the Republican candidate (Levy 217). The police consequently arrested Johnson not for his message but for his manner in delivering it; he had violated a Texas statute that prohibited the desecration of a venerated object by acts that the offender knows will seriously offend on or more persons (Downs 83). Johnson had hoped to capture Americas attention with this burning, and he did; however, his protest earned him more than a moment in the national spotlight. Under Texass tough anti-flag-burning statute, Johnson was fine $2,000 and sentenced to a year in prison (Relin 16). In Texas v. Johnson a majority of the Supreme Court considered for the first time whether the First Amendment protects desecration of the United States flag as a form of symbolic speech. A sharply divided Court had previously dealt with symbolic speech cases that involved alleged misuses of the flag. While the Court had ruled in favor of the defendants in those cases (Street v. New York, 1969; Smith v. Goguen, 1974; Spence v. Washington, 1974), it had done so on narrow grounds, refusing to confront the ultimate question status of flag desecration (Downs 868). The court ruled in favor of Johnson (5-4), believing that there was no evidence that Johnsons expression threatened an imminent disturbance of the peace, and that the statutes protection of the integrity of the flag as a symbol was improperly directed at the communicative message entailed in flag burning (Downs 868). Justice Brennan concluded by saying, We do not consecrate the flag by punishing its desecration, for in doing so we dilute the freedom that this cherished emblem represents (Witt 409). Reacting to this ruling, the Untied States Congress sought to pass legislation that would overturn it. The Flag Protection Amendment was introduced and then voted down, but then the Flag Protection Act was passed in both houses. President Bush allowed this act to pass without his signature, an expression of his preference for a Constitutional amendment (Apel Flag Protection). The Act criminalized the conduct of anyone who knowingly mutilates, defaces, physically defiles, burns, maintains on the floor or ground, or tramples upon a United States flag, except conduct related to the disposal of a worn or soiled flag (U.S.). On October 30th, 1989, the day the bill went into effect, hundreds of people burned flags; among them was Shawn Eichman. The Justice Department admitted that the law was unconstitutional under Texas v. Johnson, but prosecuted anyways, hoping to get the court to reverse its decision. The court decided that flag desecration is a form of political expression that is protected under the First Amendment rights to free speech, and ruled in favor of Eichman by a vote of 5 to 4, thus nullify the Flag Protection Act which Eichman had been protesting (House 1144). The majority consisted of Justices Brennan, Marshall, Blackmun, Scalia, and Kennedy. Dissenting were Justices Stevens, Renquist, White, and OConnor. For the majority opinion, Justice Brennan wrote the following: Although the Flag Protection Act contains no explicit content-based limitation on the scope of prohibited conduct, it is nevertheless clear that the Governments asserted interest is related to the suppression of free expression...Moreover, the precise language of the Acts prohibitions confirms Congress interest in

Analysis of Henry Highland Garnets speech Let your motto be resistance Essays

Analysis of Henry Highland Garnets speech Let your motto be resistance Essays Analysis of Henry Highland Garnets speech Let your motto be resistance Paper Analysis of Henry Highland Garnets speech Let your motto be resistance Paper with the idea of black citizenship bringing into question the American Judicial system where in the in 1660s many states (New York, Maryland, Carolina, Virginia) had ruled that black Americans did not have American citizenship (Jordan.1968.16). Throughout the speech Let your motto be resistance we can see Garnets Presbyterian clergy tendencies with the speech being presented as if it were almost a church mass with Garnet first addressing all the oppressed sympathise with each other, then informing the people of what action God sees as the right road to freedom you should use the same manner of resistance as would have been just in our ancestors before finishing on an almost urge for the black slaves to go forth and spread the word of slave rebellion with the repletion of Die freemen than live to be slaves. This religious way of speaking combined with references to ancestors and the glory of Africa creates a link between Henry Highland Garnet and both Heathen and Christian slaves allowing for all groups to be drawn into the speech. The main argument of Let your motto be resistance is that there is a need for black slaves to resist slavery and resort to violence if necessary, with lines such as not much for redemption without the shedding of blood suggesting a need for the continuation of rebellion like the Turner revolt of 1831, where fifty nine white people were killed (Kolchin. 1993. 156). Its as if Henry Garnet was arguing this because violent acts seemed to place fear and a need to change in peoples hearts to a greater extent then the white abolitionists moral crusade (although these revolts normally ended in harsher measures being introduced an as with the turner revolt many slaves being hung), this can be seen with the line The time has come when you must act for yourselves. Throughout Let your motto be resistance we can see an intense form of rhetoric occurring in an attempt to persuade the audience that action was need to get anywhere in the war against slavery, with one of Henry Garnets major arguments being that God would not except slavery as an argument for going against the commandments and Christian way of life The forlorn condition you are in does NOT destroy your moral obligation to God.God will not receive slavery nor ignorance nor any other state of mind, for love and obedience to him. Not only would this continue the religious link between Garnet and the audience but it would also install an amount of fear that if one did not do all they could to escape and end slavery then god would punish them instead of punishment falling upon slave owners. This ideal is reinforced latter in Let your motto be resistance when slave owners are referred to as devils, suggesting that that by not trying to escape from oppression slaves were actually working a gainst Gods will under the Devil. This attack against slave owners continues with he who brings his fellow down so low as to make him contented with a condition of slavery commits the highest crime against God. This condemnation of slave owners as being the worst criminals allows one direct group for Garnet to aim an attack at, instead of just plantation owners, this gives the impression of an almost war like situation , with all slave owners on one side and a united slave nation on the other. It could be argued that garnet through arguing that slavery is against Gods will he could also be referring to the continued injustice of black slavery since in 1661 a Maryland court ruled that an Irish youth should have his slavery time shortened to three years from fifteen because it was contrary to the laws of God, which meant an American court had all ready agreed that the slave trade was morally wrong. It is unlikely that Garnets speech would have made much of an actual change despite provoking controversy, it was more acting as a motivational speech and trying to give direction to a population that had recently won a massive step forward over the Amistad revolt in 1839 where a ship of illegally taken slaves from Africa killed the crew of the ship Amistad and were found legally clear of murder in new York. This brought into question the ideal of slavery and whether black slaves were acting as freedom fighters throughout the various revolts.

David Christopher Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

David Christopher - Case Study Example If this time is also computed as work hours for the week, then they will have extra 30 effective hours and 3 non-effective hours. Thus in total, the week load hours for the surgeons is 77 hours in which 7 hours is considered non-effective-lunch hour. As explained in the initial part of this paper, one surgeon should work for 77 hours in a week combining everything. However, in the scheduled timetable for the two doctors, A and B, the time taken by the doctors computed comes to 343 hours. If this is compared to the time taken by one doctor in a week as the standard time stipulates then you will find that it is five times the figure. Given then that we have only two doctors in the clinic, there is a deficiency of three more doctors in the hospital and surely, if the hospital need doctors reinforcement of three more. This is the case of the complimentary needs, if the hospital has taken the step to reduce the workload of the doctors, it will only be successful if the put into place the facilities that would engage the doctors concurrently. If this is not done, the doctors will only be interchanging and utilizing the same time to attend to the patients. This would mean that if there are more patients, they cannot be attended to due to inadequacy of the facilities. This will ensure that the quality of work is not compromised given the sensitivity of the work they do. These changes will also limit the movement from one patient to the other and the stress involved. This move will tremendously improve the efficiency given that the hospital in experiencing influx of more patients. I consider the effective 10 hours working time for the doctors rather tedious. In this regard, would recommend that they even employ more doctors such that they work on rotational basis. In this case, if a doctor is to undertake operation on Monday,

ESD ( Emergency shout down) tool (chemical engneering) Essay

ESD ( Emergency shout down) tool (chemical engneering) - Essay Example With all the components functioning properly, ESD can process an incoming input from the sensors and sends an output signal to initiate a response that handles the emergency. The principle parts of the system are the sensors, valves actuators and the logics units. When an output signal is sent to the valve in the event of any risk, a solenoid valves responds by initiating failure response and the programmed logical action is carried out. An impedance device with direct current power system boosts the solenoid operations, the power also runs the processor, but it has to be converted back to alternating current. In most cases, emergency tools or devices are used to perform safety operations, which includes shutting down an equipment or process when a fault is detect, such faults includes damage to the system or improper operation that can lead to damages. In some cases, emergency shutdown system can isolate a part of a system that may be presenting some risks such as deactivating hydrocarbon inventories, stopping hydrocarbon flow and depressurizing the system. ESD gives the operator a variety of integration options; one can integrate it as a stand-alone or full integration courtesy of its unique circuit design. It has a fully loaded library with operative commands that includes graphics, trend extended automation entities such as faceplates, graphic elements, trends, document links and alarms and events. In addition, ABB provides a broad family of industry-specific libraries that contain Control Modules, Function Blocks, Data Types and graphic elements including special safety systems features for ESD applications1. These pre-tested and safety-certified libraries significantly reduce the time required to engineer, test and maintain control while minimizing project risks. These libraries are certified for Safety Integrity Levels 3 and 2. The visualization system can be designed specifically fit the